Editing

Continuity Editingq

Done to create a clear seamless narrative that hides the editing process creating a sense of VERISIMILTUDE,

VERSIMILTUDE - MAKING SOMETHING SEEM REAL.

Eyeline match

Associated with continuity editing, starts with a character looking off screen at something, then a cut to the thing the character is looking at as a POV shot. Example, James Bond looks down at the floor, cuts to the body on the floor from his eyes.

Graphic Match

Two successive shots joined so as to create similarity of compositional elements. Used in transpartent contuinity styles to smooth the transition between two shots.

Jump cut

A cut in film editing where the middle section of a continuous shot is removed, and the beginning oand the end of the shot are joined together. Breaks continuity in time and produces a startling effect that moving objects will "jump" to a new position.

Cross-Cutting

Used in films to establish contuinty. In a cross cut, the camera will cut away from one actions to another action. Because the shots occur one after another, corss-cutting is used to suggest simultaneirt of action. However, it can also be used to link signicant actions that do not occur simultaneously. Suspense is built by using cross cutting, also forms parallels, illustrates a narrative action which occurs at the same time.

A Cutaway
The interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cutback to the first shot. Cutaways usually do not contribute any dramatic content of their own, but help the editor assemble a longer sequence. For this reason, editors choose cutaways related to the main action, such as actions or object in the same location. For example, if the main shot is of a main walking down an alley, possible cutaways may include a shot of a cat nearby dumpster ot a shot of a woman watching overhead.

Insert shot
A shot of part of a secene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different framing.

Sound

 

 

Sychronous sounds - Sound which are synchronised or matched with what is viewed. They contribute to the realise of the film. Essentially sounds which one would see on the screen, E.G a door slamming shut.

 

 

Asynchronous sounds - Sound which is not matched with a visible source of the sound on the screen.

 



Gender representation

The Male Gaze

In the media, women are often objectified for the male audience, who are essentially forced to watch the objectified woman. Usage of camera shots focusing on sexualised body parts are the method this is done, which is dismemberment. This is known as the cultivation theory.

Superiority and Domination

Men are usually shown in dominant posititions, with woman usually shown as less dominant. In new dramas, they are often shown as co-operating with men as their subordinates.

Male Approval

Women usually have to seek for men's approval in different situations. Male desire and woman desired.

The Voice-over Authority

A general higher number of male voice overs, as they are more imposing and imtimidating than woman voice overs.

Irrelevant Sexualisation of Woman and Girls

Woman's products being utilised to sell male products, even if they are not completely directed towards woman.

Clowning & Exaggeration

Women are often portrayed as the less intellectual ones, with them also being more emotional and more foolish. In contrast men are usually presented in positions of power, reflective of their improved intellect and thought/

Representation theories

Hypodermic Needle

Started in the 1920s, was the first attempt to explain how audiences react to the mass media. It suggests that information from a text passes into the mass consciousness unmediated. The intelligence, experience and opinion of the individual are not relevant, it simply goes through either way.

 

Two Step Flow Theory

An extension of the Hypodermic needle theory, essentially adding a few more "layers" to the analysis. The layers are perhaps individual opinion from certain famous people who become "opinion leaders" and people will automatically follow what they think, instead of getting it straight from the media.

 

Uses & Gratifications Theory

Started in 1974, another expansion says that people use the media to see a purpose get gratification from the media. An example is escape from reality.

Character types

An Archetype
An conventional character which has been formed from over 200 years of  stories. E.G Hero or a mad villain.

A Stereotype
A way a type of person is perceived to be like by the media, such as a "hard black man" who is a thug and an upper class white man. Usually somewhat negative.

A Countertype
The opposite of a stereotype, going against all of the perceived characteristics.